What Are the Signs of a Tornado? How to Spot Danger and Stay Safe

1. Dark, Greenish Sky

One of the most ominous signs of a tornado is a dark, greenish sky. While a dark sky alone may not indicate a tornado, the greenish tint occurs when sunlight interacts with the large amounts of moisture typically found in the atmosphere during a severe storm. If you see this unusual color in the sky, it’s a strong indicator that a powerful storm—and possibly a tornado—could be approaching. Tornadoes are often preceded by thunderstorms or hail, so keep an eye on the sky if the weather turns severe.

2. Wall Cloud Formation

A wall cloud is a low-hanging cloud that forms at the base of a thunderstorm. Wall clouds are often the birthplace of tornadoes and should be taken seriously if you spot one. Unlike normal clouds, wall clouds look like a dark, rotating mass and can quickly lead to a funnel cloud, which is a precursor to a tornado. If you see a wall cloud forming, it’s important to take shelter immediately as tornadoes can develop rapidly from these formations.

3. Funnel Clouds

Funnel clouds are a clear visual indicator that a tornado could be forming. These clouds extend downward from the base of a storm and can appear as rotating columns of air. While not all funnel clouds touch the ground to form a tornado, they are a serious warning sign that conditions are right for a tornado to develop. If you spot a funnel cloud, seek shelter immediately in a basement or an interior room on the lowest floor of your home. Stay away from windows and cover yourself with a mattress or heavy blankets to protect against flying debris.

4. Loud Roaring Sound

Many tornado survivors describe the sound of an approaching tornado as a loud, persistent roar, often compared to a freight train. This sound is created by the intense winds and debris being lifted into the air. If you hear this roaring sound, especially in combination with other signs like funnel clouds or a dark sky, it’s critical to take shelter immediately. Keep in mind that this sound is distinct from the rumble of thunder—it’s much more sustained and can last for several minutes as the tornado approaches.

5. Sudden Calm After a Storm

While most tornadoes are accompanied by thunderstorms, a sudden calm or stillness during a storm can also indicate a tornado is forming. Tornadoes often occur during lulls in the storm, so if the wind suddenly dies down and the air becomes eerily quiet, this could be a warning sign. Pay close attention to the sky and be ready to take shelter if you notice any other signs of a tornado, like swirling clouds or hail.

6. Large Hailstones

Hail is often a precursor to tornadoes, especially large hailstones that fall during severe thunderstorms. While hail alone doesn’t guarantee a tornado will form, it’s a sign of strong updrafts within a storm, which can lead to tornado formation. If you experience hail, particularly golf ball-sized hail or larger, keep an eye out for other signs of a tornado, and be ready to move to a safe location.

7. Debris Falling from the Sky

Debris falling from the sky, especially in the absence of strong winds, is a major warning sign of a nearby tornado. Tornadoes pick up objects and debris as they move across the landscape, and this material can be carried for miles before falling to the ground. If you see pieces of trees, metal, or other debris dropping from the sky, it’s a clear signal that a tornado is in the area, even if you can’t see it yet. Seek shelter immediately and stay indoors until it’s safe to go outside.

8. Low Barometric Pressure

A sudden drop in barometric pressure is another sign of an impending tornado. Many people describe feeling pressure in their ears before a tornado strikes, similar to the sensation you feel when driving up a mountain or flying in an airplane. If you notice a sudden change in pressure, coupled with other signs like a greenish sky or rotating clouds, take it as a serious warning and seek shelter right away.

What to Do if You See Tornado Warning Signs

If you observe any of the above signs, it’s important to take immediate action to protect yourself and your family. Here’s what to do if a tornado is approaching:

1. Seek Shelter Immediately

Your first priority should be finding a safe place to ride out the storm. The safest place during a tornado is a basement or storm cellar. If you don’t have access to one, go to an interior room on the lowest level of your home, such as a bathroom or closet. Stay away from windows and cover yourself with heavy blankets, a mattress, or other cushioning to protect against debris.

2. Listen to Weather Alerts

Make sure you have a weather radio, smartphone app, or other method of receiving emergency alerts. Stay tuned to local news or the National Weather Service for updates on the tornado’s path and any changes to the warning area. Follow instructions from local authorities, and do not leave your shelter until the all-clear is given.

3. Protect Yourself from Debris

Flying debris is one of the greatest dangers during a tornado. If you’re in a shelter, use pillows, blankets, or mattresses to shield yourself from falling or flying objects. If you’re caught outside, lay flat in a low-lying area like a ditch, cover your head, and protect your body from debris as best as you can.

4. Avoid Vehicles and Mobile Homes

Vehicles and mobile homes are extremely dangerous places to be during a tornado. If you’re in a mobile home, leave immediately and find a sturdier structure or storm shelter. If you’re in a vehicle, try to drive at right angles to the tornado’s path to avoid it. If you can’t escape, exit your vehicle and seek low ground to protect yourself.

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